PORTLAND, Ore. – A federal judge should have granted immunity to an officer who called a “code 3” alert during a traffic stop because she couldn’t have known the responding officers would resort to excessive force, a Ninth Circuit panel ruled in an unpublished opinion issued Tuesday.
Subscribe to our free newsletters
Our weekly newsletter Closing Arguments offers the latest about ongoing trials, major litigation and rulings in courthouses around the U.S. and the world, while the monthly Under the Lights dishes the legal dirt from Hollywood, sports, Big Tech and the arts.

